After a fresh wave of tariffs from the United States, Canada and the European Union said they would impose billions in levies on U.S. goods.

President Donald Trump officially increased tariffs on all steel and aluminum imports to 25% on Wednesday, promising that the taxes would help create U.S. factory jobs at a time when his seesawing tariff threats are jolting the stock market and raising fears of an economic slowdown.

Global markets have been gripped by a sense of risk aversion ever since U.S. President Donald Trump triggered a tit-for-tat tariff war between the U.S. and its trade partners, which analysts have said could stoke inflationary pressures and trigger an economic slowdown.