Karin Collett (born 1961) is a specialist in pathology, senior consultant and associate professor. The author has completed the ICMJE form and reports no conflicts of interest. Synnøve Lian Johnsen ...

Amniotic fluid is a liquid that cushions a fetus in the amniotic sac during pregnancy. The fluid protects the fetus and helps with development by allowing movement and maintaining temperature. Too ...

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a mostly dominantly inherited disorder affecting 1:1000 to 1:2500 live births. The phenotype varies in severity and can involve multiple organ systems over a patient’s lifetime ...

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It can lead to complications such as high blood pressure, large birth weight, and a higher risk of diabetes later in ...

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a human genomic imprinting disorder, is characterized by phenotypic variability that might include overgrowth, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, neonatal ...

Key Takeaways Most babies start out sideways but usually flip head-down by the last trimester. If your baby’s still sideways ...

It can sometimes be tricky if you’ve leaked amniotic fluid or urine. Amniotic fluid is clear and white-flecked, with no odor. It will typically soak through underwear. Urine is yellow and odorous.

Objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. While GDM is diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance testing between 24–28 ...